Genes and the environment influence human biological variation in visible characteristics, physiology, disease susceptibility, mental abilities, body size and life span. Humans have continued to expand, with a global population of over 7.9 billion in October 2021. As populations became larger and denser, forms of governance developed within and between communities and a number of civilizations have risen and fallen. The Neolithic Revolution, which began in Southwest Asia around 13,000 years ago, saw the emergence of agriculture and permanent human settlement. For most of history, all humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers. sapiens emerged around 300,000 years ago, evolving from Homo heidelbergensis and migrating out of Africa, gradually replacing local populations of archaic humans. Curiosity and the human desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena have motivated humanity's development of science, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other fields of study.Īlthough some scientists equate humans with all members of the genus Homo, in common usage it generally refers to Homo sapiens, the only extant member. Social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which bolster human society. Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, and language. Humans ( Homo sapiens) are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and large, complex brains.
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